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Report Of The Week (Last Page): What Is Politics





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Report Of The Week

What Is Politics?

Politics is a process by which groups of people with the same ideology make decisions mostly and commonly generalized as "who gets what, when, why, and how." and is generally applied to behavior within civil governments. Politics is observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions the word over and politics consists of "social relations involving authority or power" as the regulation of a political unit, and the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply government policies. Political study involves the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of power with related areas of study in political philosophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behavior, and public administration, which examines the practices of governance in all aspects of political environments. Key political concepts Political power Political power is the ability to impose one's will "even in the face of opposition from others" and also corresponds to the human ability not just to act but to act in concert." The leader of a political party can individually exercise or impose authority in some instances without the need of approval from other members because of the political powers vested in him or her. Pragmatic view of power Incentive power is the power to reward and in this instance, party members and friends are usually given huge benefits in the form of government contracts, gifts and positions in the government system. Coercive power is the power to punish with the leader or government determined to punish their enemies and opposition with or without judgment. However excursive obsession to punish will eventually lead to catastrophic decisions that will return to haunt the leader and party by their own people or targets. Legitimate power which is the power of the policeman or the referee and this power is given to an individual by a recognized authority to enforce standards of behavior or rule. Legitimate power is almost similar to coercive power as unacceptable behavior is punished harshly by fine or penalty. Referent power is usually bestowed upon individuals by virtue of accomplishment, achievements or attitude. This is a a reward for obedience and courage. Expert power comes from education or experience gained over time from various fields of learning or working. However such powers are only good and effective if proper advise and solutions are implemented. Authority and legitimacy In a political sense Authority, is different from political power in that it implies legitimacy and acceptance; it implies that the person or state exercising power has a perceived right to do so. Legitimacy is a government authority gained through the acquisition and application of power as per accepted standards or principles of the electoral system. Traditional authority In this system, authority is granted and authoritiesreceive loyalty because they lead and support the preservation of existing values, the status quo. Traditional societies as the Patriarchal and rarely matriarchal, gave rise to hereditary monarchies where authority was given to descendants of previous leaders and followers submit to such authorities as the King/Queen monarchs. Charismatic authority An individual with charisma can easily have the strength and charm to have authority, Charismatic regimes are often short-lived seldom outliving the charismatic figure that leads them and for that regime to survive the rule of the individual personality, there is need to adapt and transform its legitimacy into a different form of authority. Legal-rational authority Legal-rational authoritiesreceive their ability to compel behavior by virtue of the office that they hold and usually it is the authority that demands obedience to the office rather than the leader; legal-rational regimes is mostly found in modern democracies and people simply abide by such an authority as it makes sense to do so for their own good, as well as for the greater good of the country and it's society. Sovereignty Sovereignty is the ability of a government to exercise full control over its space of influence free from outside interference so as to preserve it's wealth and also to protect it's citizens. Political philosophies Confucius The Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-471 BCE), his philosophy was "rooted in his belief that a ruler should learn self-discipline, should govern his subjects by his own example, and should treat them with love and concern." Plato The Greek philosopher Plato(428-328 BC), who argues that all conventional political systems (democracy, monarchy, oligarchy and timarchy) were inherently corrupt, and that the state ought to be governed by an elite class of educated philosopher-rulers, who would be trained from birth and selected on the basis of aptitude: "those who have the greatest skill in watching over the community." Aristotle The Greek philosopher Aristotle(384–322BC) asserted that man is, by nature, a political animal. He argued that ethics and politics are closely linked, and that a truly ethical life can only be lived by someone who participates in politics and identified a number of different forms of governments arguing that each "correct" form of government may devolve into a "deviant" form of government, in which its institutions were corrupted. Niccolò Machiavelli The Renaissance Italian political theorist Machiavelli put forward a political world view which described practical methods for an absolute ruler to attain and maintain political power. and for Machiavelli, there is no moral basis on which to judge the difference between legitimate and illegitimate uses of power." It is from Machiavelli that the term Machiavellian is derived, referring to an amoral person who uses manipulative methods to attain power. Machiavelli also considered the stability of the state to be the most important goal, and argued that qualities traditionally considered morally desirable, such as generosity, were undesirable in a ruler and would lead to the loss of power. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes proposed a model of early human development to justify the creation of polities, i.e. governed bodies. Hobbes described an ideal state of nature wherein every person had equal right to every resource in nature and was free to use any means to acquire those resources. He claimed that such an arrangement created a “war of all against all” John Locke Locke refutes the theory of the Divine Right of Kings as put forward by Robert Filmer; he "minutely examines key Biblical passages" and concludes that absolute monarchy is not supported by Christian theology. Locke examines the concept of the social contract put forward by other theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, but reaches a different conclusion. Although he agreed with Hobbes on the concept of a state of nature before existing forms of government arose, he challenged Hobbes' view that the state of nature was equivalent to a state of war, instead arguing that there were certain natural rights belonging to all human beings, which continued even after a political authority was established. "The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone...being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, health or possessions". Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau the 18th century French philosopher defined political authority and legitimacy as stemming from the "general will", or volonté generale; for Rousseau, "true Sovereignty is directed always at the public good". This concept of the general will implicitly "allows for individual diversity and freedom...[but] also encourages the well-being of the whole, and therefore can conflict with the particular interests of individuals." As such, Rousseau also argues that the people may need a "lawgiver" to draw up a constitution and system of laws, because the general will, "while always morally sound, is sometimes mistaken". John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill pioneered the liberal conception of politics. He saw democracy as the major political development of his era and also advocated stronger protection for individual rights against government and the rule of the majority. He argued that liberty was the most important right of human beings, and that the only just cause for interfering with the liberty of another person was self-protection Karl Marx Karl Marx collectively termed Marxism, were critical of capitalism and argued that in the due course of history, there would be an "inevitable breakdown of capitalism for economic reasons, to be replaced by communism." He defined history in terms of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie, or property-owning classes, and the proletariat, or workers, a struggle intensified by industrialisation: "The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. Utopia for Marx was the classless society in which the state and the church would be very weak or nonexistent. The workers ultimately would own the means of production, state ownership would be a mere transition period, therefore the people would be free. Because the state as Marx knew it would practically disappear over time, there would be no need for borders so individuals would be free to move from nation to nation without prosecution. Political spectra Left-Right politics Most political analysts and politicians divide politics into left wing and right wingpolitics, often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left. The meaning of left-wing and right-wing varies considerably between different countries and at different times, but broadly speaking, it can be said that the right wing is often linked to moral and social conservatism, law and order, and religion, while the left wing is often linked with redistribution of wealth and resources towards the poorer or less successful sections of society (which are generally perceived by the left as unfairly disadvantaged), and with secularism. The right wing is more often linked to the idea of social equity, and the left wing to the idea of social equality. Authoritarian-Libertarian While left and right refer to different methods of developing an economically stable and just society, authoritarianism and libertarianism refer to the amount of individual freedom each person possesses in that society relative to the state. One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where "individual rights and goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities", while a libertarian political system is one in which individual rights and civil liberties are paramount. More extreme than libertarians are anarchists, who argue for the total abolition of government, while the most extreme authoritarians are totalitarians who support state control over all aspects of society. Authoritarianism and libertarianism are separate concepts from the left-right political axis. For instance, classical liberalism and contemporary American libertarianism are socially liberal, but reject extensive governmental intervention in the economy and welfare. More Reports